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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vektorgradient</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><span id="Deformation3.png"></span></p>
<p>Der <b>Gradient eines Vektorfeldes</b> oder kurz <b>Vektorgradient</b> (von <span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Latein" title="Latein">lateinisch</a></span> <span lang="la-Latn" style="font-style:italic">gradiens</span> <span lang="de" style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal">‚schreitend‘</span><sup id="cite_ref-Duden_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duden-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) fasst das Gefälle oder den Anstieg der Komponenten eines <a href="Vektorfeld" title="Vektorfeld">Vektorfeldes</a> zu einem mathematischen Objekt zusammen. Während mit dem <a href="Gradient_eines_Skalarfeldes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gradient eines Skalarfeldes">Gradient eines Skalarfeldes</a> das Gefälle oder der Anstieg in einer bestimmten Richtung (sog. <a href="Richtungsableitung" title="Richtungsableitung">Richtungsableitung</a>) als <a href="Skalar_(Mathematik)" title="Skalar (Mathematik)">Skalar</a> angegeben wird, stellt die Richtungsableitung mit dem Vektorgradient einen <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektor</a> dar.
</p><p>Ein anschauliches Beispiel ist das Vektorfeld der Bewegung der Partikel eines Körpers. Der <a href="Deformationsgradient" title="Deformationsgradient">Deformationsgradient</a> transformiert die Strecke von einem Partikel zu einem benachbarten Partikel des Körpers im undeformierten Zustand – das ist die vorgegebene Richtung h – in die entsprechende Strecke im deformierten Zustand, was die Richtungsableitung in Richtung h ist, siehe Bild. Die Strecke h kann bei der Deformation gedreht und gestreckt werden. Die Richtungsableitung mit maximalem Wert ist hier diejenige Richtung, in der der Körper die größte <a href="Dehnung" title="Dehnung">Dehnung</a> erfährt; in dieser Richtung benachbarte Partikel entfernen sich im Zuge der Verformung am weitesten voneinander, siehe auch <a href="#Verformungen">#Verformungen</a> und die <a href="#Beispiele">#Beispiele</a>.
</p><p>Der Gradient eines Vektorfeldes entsteht aus dem Vektorfeld durch Anwendung des Gradientenoperators grad, der eine Verallgemeinerung der <a href="Ableitungsfunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ableitungsfunktion">Ableitung</a> in der <a href="Mehrdimensionale_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehrdimensionale Analysis">mehrdimensionalen Analysis</a> ist. Zur besseren Abgrenzung zwischen Operator und Resultat seiner Anwendung bezeichnen manche Quellen<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2.1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3.1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> den Gradient vektorieller Feldgrößen als Vektorgradient.
</p><p>Der Gradient hat <a href="Tensor" title="Tensor">tensorielle</a> Eigenschaften<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4.1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: der Gradient eines Skalarfeldes (<a href="Tensorfeld" title="Tensorfeld">Tensorfeld</a> nullter Stufe) führt auf ein Gradientenvektorfeld, das ein Tensorfeld erster Stufe ist. Entsprechend ist der Vektorgradient ein Tensorfeld zweiter Stufe; das Ergebnis lässt sich bezüglich einer <a href="Orthonormalbasis" title="Orthonormalbasis">Orthonormalbasis</a> als <a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix</a> schreiben. Die Komponenten des Vektorgradienten sind die kovarianten Ableitungen der Komponenten des Vektorfeldes in einem Punkt; bei den Basisvektoren sind dies die <a href="Christoffelsymbole" title="Christoffelsymbole">Christoffelsymbole</a>.
</p><p>Der Gradient wird zusammen mit anderen Differentialoperatoren wie <a href="Divergenz_eines_Vektorfeldes" title="Divergenz eines Vektorfeldes">Divergenz</a> und <a href="Rotation_eines_Vektorfeldes" title="Rotation eines Vektorfeldes">Rotation</a> in der <a href="Tensoranalysis" title="Tensoranalysis">Tensoranalysis</a> untersucht.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Der Gradient <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1122143d3f23cea67e79cbb9d8dceded643c2f5e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.463ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}}" loading="lazy"></span> eines <a href="Differenzierbarkeit" title="Differenzierbarkeit">differenzierbaren</a> Vektorfeldes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2c36da6dad4ad8949b0f84bbaf0b5cb6d811fe5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.665ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}}" loading="lazy"></span> nähert dieses in der <a href="Umgebung_(Mathematik)" title="Umgebung (Mathematik)">Umgebung</a> eines Punkts <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}({\vec {y}})-{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}})=\mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {y}}-{\vec {x}}]+{\mathcal {O}}(|{\vec {y}}-{\vec {x}}|)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}({\vec {y}})-{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}})=\mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {y}}-{\vec {x}}]+{\mathcal {O}}(|{\vec {y}}-{\vec {x}}|)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ffc701dbc6731f82c6dfeba4302254d19ba0ae8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:46.9ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}({\vec {y}})-{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}})=\mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {y}}-{\vec {x}}]+{\mathcal {O}}(|{\vec {y}}-{\vec {x}}|)}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {y}}\to {\vec {x}}}">
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<p>Das <a href="Landau-Symbole" title="Landau-Symbole">Landau-Symbol</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(x)}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04767cd7e050d91159e8537029e967f15b08532f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span> dar. Wenn der Gradient existiert, ist er eindeutig und kann aus dem <a href="G%C3%A2teaux-Differential" title="Gâteaux-Differential">Gâteaux-Differential</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})\right|_{s=0}=\lim _{s\to 0}{\frac {{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})-{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}})}{s}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})\right|_{s=0}=\lim _{s\to 0}{\frac {{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})-{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}})}{s}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79c5e1f7d7b96ec07a692c17583bcb6f6405057f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:59.513ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})\right|_{s=0}=\lim _{s\to 0}{\frac {{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})-{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}})}{s}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>berechnet werden. In einem <a href="Euklidischer_Vektorraum" class="mw-redirect" title="Euklidischer Vektorraum">euklidischen Vektorraum</a> mit <a href="Standardskalarprodukt" title="Standardskalarprodukt">Standardskalarprodukt</a> „·“ ergibt sich der Vektorgradient aus der Anwendung des skalaren Operators <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla }">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87b8786770a4613578efb63d7be24cc02f369a46.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla }" loading="lazy"></span>, der mit dem <a href="Nabla-Operator" title="Nabla-Operator">Nabla-Operator</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3d0e93b78c50237f9ea83d027e4ebbdaef354b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.936ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla }" loading="lazy"></span> gebildet wird:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]=({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]=({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50b79ab6cc340c9ba3b15a450e456b0c193087c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.622ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]=({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>So werden auch Gradienten für Tensorfelder zweiter Stufe oder allgemein Tensorfelder n-ter Stufe definiert.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2.2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4.2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6.1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durch Gradientenbildung entsteht aus einem Tensorfeld n-ter Stufe ein Tensorfeld der Stufe n+1.
</p><p>Bei einem Vektorfeld, das ein Tensorfeld erster Stufe ist, ergibt sich als Gradient ein Tensorfeld zweiter Stufe und zwar durch Nutzung des <a href="Dyadisches_Produkt" title="Dyadisches Produkt">dyadischen Produkts „⊗“</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]=({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}={\vec {h}}\cdot (\nabla \otimes {\vec {f}})=(\nabla \otimes {\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot {\vec {h}}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]=({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}={\vec {h}}\cdot (\nabla \otimes {\vec {f}})=(\nabla \otimes {\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot {\vec {h}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7fa58081b0d1e63850e1c59d09f41023ed5dd6d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:55.866ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]=({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}={\vec {h}}\cdot (\nabla \otimes {\vec {f}})=(\nabla \otimes {\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span id="Konvention"></span>Das hochgestellte <sup>⊤</sup> bedeutet eine <a href="Transponierte_Matrix" title="Transponierte Matrix">Transponierung</a>. In einigen Quellen<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5.1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7.1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8.1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wird
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}}):=(\nabla \otimes {\vec {f}})^{\top }\quad \rightarrow \quad \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}">
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}}):=(\nabla \otimes {\vec {f}})^{\top }\quad \rightarrow \quad \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9803284dae0c116d7649be7220410baa2aa41755.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:57.984ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}}):=(\nabla \otimes {\vec {f}})^{\top }\quad \rightarrow \quad \mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und in anderen<sup id="cite_ref-12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6.1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2.3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathrm {grad} }}({\vec {f}}):=\nabla \otimes {\vec {f}}\quad \rightarrow \quad {\tilde {\mathrm {grad} }}{\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]={\vec {h}}\cdot {\tilde {\mathrm {grad} }}({\vec {f}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
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<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathrm {grad} }}({\vec {f}}):=\nabla \otimes {\vec {f}}\quad \rightarrow \quad {\tilde {\mathrm {grad} }}{\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]={\vec {h}}\cdot {\tilde {\mathrm {grad} }}({\vec {f}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed4ffbe55b88668e02c2288652df6a4783446b5a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:54.664ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathrm {grad} }}({\vec {f}}):=\nabla \otimes {\vec {f}}\quad \rightarrow \quad {\tilde {\mathrm {grad} }}{\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}[{\vec {h}}]={\vec {h}}\cdot {\tilde {\mathrm {grad} }}({\vec {f}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>definiert, was wegen des nicht <a href="Kommutativgesetz" title="Kommutativgesetz">kommutativen</a> dyadischen Produkts einen nicht unerheblichen Unterschied ausmacht, der beispielsweise bei der <a href="#Produktregel">#Produktregel</a> und der Richtungsableitung zu beachten ist.
</p><p>Hier wird die erstere Form (die ohne <a href="Tilde" title="Tilde">Tilde</a>) als Konvention benutzt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schreibweisen">Schreibweisen</h2></div>
<p>Die vielfältigen Anwendungen haben zu variantenreichen Schreibweisen geführt.
</p><p>In der Kontinuumsmechanik ist es üblich, Größen, die sich auf den undeformierten Ausgangszustand eines Körpers beziehen, groß zu schreiben, und solche, die sich auf den deformierten Zustand beziehen, klein. Entsprechend bedeuten GRAD oder Grad Gradienten im undeformierten Körper und grad einen Gradient im deformierten. Andere Notationen mit dem Nabla-Operator benutzen 𝜵<sub>X</sub>, 𝜵<sub>0</sub> für den Operator im undeformierten Körper und 𝜵<sub>x</sub>, 𝜵<sub>t</sub> für den im deformierten.
</p><p>Es wird auch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})={\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {v}}}{\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})={\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {v}}}{\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13671767a47176d5e083d1511c679ddc851d8935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.07ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})={\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {v}}}{\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>geschrieben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geometrische_Interpretation">Geometrische Interpretation</h2></div>
<p>Das eingangs aufgeführte Beispiel des <a href="Deformationsgradient" title="Deformationsgradient">Deformationsgradienten</a> soll hier vertieft werden. Dazu sei das Vektorfeld in einer nahen Umgebung eines Punkts als Bewegungsfeld der Partikel einer Gummihaut interpretierbar, was der Fall ist, wenn der Vektorgradient <a href="Inverse_Matrix" title="Inverse Matrix">invertierbar</a> ist, es also eine Eins-zu-eins-Beziehung zwischen Raumpunkten und ihren Bildern gibt. Bezeichnen im undeformierten Körper Großbuchstaben die Orte von Partikeln und Kleinbuchstaben ihre Orte im deformierten, dann stellt man folgendes fest.
</p><p>Auf der Haut wird ein Kreis gezeichnet und wenn man nun die Gummihaut lang zieht, wird der Kreis zu irgendeiner geschlossenen Kurve, siehe <a href="#AbbildungenDurchVektorgradient.png">Abb. 3</a>. Mit kleiner werdendem Radius des Kreises nähert sich sein Bild jedoch einer <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a>. Ein Pfeil MP vom Mittelpunkt M zu einem Partikel P auf dem Umfang des Kreises wird zu mp gedehnt und verdreht, wobei p auf der Ellipse liegt. Die Transformation von MP zu mp leistet beim kleinen Kreis die mit dem Vektorgradient gebildete Richtungsableitung. Diese lineare Annäherung des Vektorfeldes mittels der Richtungsableitung in der Umgebung des Punkts ist die definierende Eigenschaft eines Gradienten.
</p><p>Die betraglich größte Änderung der Positionsdifferenzen mp zu MP tritt in der Richtung auf, in der der Körper die größte <a href="Dehnung" title="Dehnung">Dehnung</a> erfährt. Auf der Gummihaut landet das Partikel P im Kreis auf der Hauptachse der Ellipse (bei p). Die Richtung der größten betraglichen Änderung erhält man hier als Lösung eines <a href="Eigenwertproblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwertproblem">Eigenwertproblems</a>, jedoch nicht des Deformationsgradienten, sondern des mit ihm gebildeten <a href="Strecktensor" title="Strecktensor">Strecktensors</a>, siehe <a href="#Zusammenhang_mit_der_Richtungsableitung">#Zusammenhang mit der Richtungsableitung</a> und <a href="#Beispiele">#Beispiele</a>.
</p><p>Markiert man im undeformierten Körper ein Partikel A und ein (<a href="Infinitesimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinitesimal">infinitesimal</a>) nahe benachbartes B und trägt im deformierten Körper vom Ort a des Partikels A die Richtungsableitung in Richtung AB auf, dann landet man im deformierten Körper am Ort b des Partikels B. Genauso kann man in b die Richtungsableitung in Richtung BC zu einem benachbarten Partikel C auftragen und landet im deformierten Körper an dessen Ort c. Diese Prozedur kann man beliebig oft wiederholen, die <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integralrechnung</a> gestattet sogar unendliche Wiederholungen mit infinitesimalen Schritten. So gelangt man von a aus an den Ort p eines beliebigen Partikels P und zwar unabhängig vom eingeschlagenen Weg von A nach P. Diese Wegunabhängigkeit zeichnet Gradientenfelder aus.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Koordinatendarstellung">Koordinatendarstellung</h2></div>
<p>Zwecks kompakter Darstellung bezeichnet im Folgenden ein Index hinter einem Komma die Ableitung nach einer Koordinate:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{,i}:={\frac {\partial f}{\partial x_{i}}}\,,\quad f_{r,\vartheta }:={\frac {\partial f_{r}}{\partial \vartheta }}}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mo>:=</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{,i}:={\frac {\partial f}{\partial x_{i}}}\,,\quad f_{r,\vartheta }:={\frac {\partial f_{r}}{\partial \vartheta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db9f1b20370edd0cac56742bee55dc9d2dcfb4a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:25.723ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{,i}:={\frac {\partial f}{\partial x_{i}}}\,,\quad f_{r,\vartheta }:={\frac {\partial f_{r}}{\partial \vartheta }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hier ist die vereinbarte <a href="#Konvention">Konvention</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}">
<semantics>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdb86bb44f8f71897ec33c1551ef04f59e3d50d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.548ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu beachten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kartesische_Koordinaten">Kartesische Koordinaten</h3></div>
<p>In <a href="Kartesische_Koordinaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartesische Koordinaten">kartesischen Koordinaten</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
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<msub>
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c16c64c292c38a4a3ebfee3be0ade520d4463413.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.648ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> mit <a href="Standardbasis" title="Standardbasis">Standardbasis</a> <i>ê<sub>i</sub></i> lautet der Vektorgradient eines Vektorfeldes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\vec {f}}=\sum _{i}f_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\vec {f}}=\sum _{i}f_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/779443dbff0de1382e2278eea5224b93d307c992.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:12.434ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\vec {f}}=\sum _{i}f_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Koeffizienten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{i}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65da883ca3d16b461e46c94777b0d9c4aa010e79.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})=\sum _{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{i})=\sum _{i,j}f_{i,j}{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})=\sum _{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{i})=\sum _{i,j}f_{i,j}{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e15448ea5b877ef8e03d96d15a2155ad7290ce5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:45.1ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})=\sum _{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{i})=\sum _{i,j}f_{i,j}{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f)=\sum _{j}f_{,j}{\hat {e}}_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f)=\sum _{j}f_{,j}{\hat {e}}_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a28e61e1540a6fd388c160543e897164a57e0c8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:19.165ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f)=\sum _{j}f_{,j}{\hat {e}}_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>In drei Dimensionen ist speziell
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})={\begin{pmatrix}f_{1,1}&f_{1,2}&f_{1,3}\\f_{2,1}&f_{2,2}&f_{2,3}\\f_{3,1}&f_{3,2}&f_{3,3}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})={\begin{pmatrix}f_{1,1}&f_{1,2}&f_{1,3}\\f_{2,1}&f_{2,2}&f_{2,3}\\f_{3,1}&f_{3,2}&f_{3,3}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0f214261c6c8d67ca62e0d44955b9230bbdd356.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:30.984ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})={\begin{pmatrix}f_{1,1}&f_{1,2}&f_{1,3}\\f_{2,1}&f_{2,2}&f_{2,3}\\f_{3,1}&f_{3,2}&f_{3,3}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Vektorgradienten der Basisvektoren verschwinden hier, da sie ortsunabhängig sind.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zylinderkoordinaten">Zylinderkoordinaten</h3></div>
<p>In <a href="Zylinderkoordinaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Zylinderkoordinaten">Zylinderkoordinaten</a> mit radialer Koordinate ρ, <a href="Azimut" title="Azimut">Azimut</a> φ und <a href="H%C3%B6he" title="Höhe">Höhe</a> z über der ρφ-Ebene lauten die Basisvektoren mit dem <a href="Sinus_und_Cosinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus und Cosinus">Sinus und Cosinus</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{\rho }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\varphi )\\\sin(\varphi )\\0\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }={\begin{pmatrix}-\sin(\varphi )\\\cos(\varphi )\\0\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{z}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>)</mo>
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</mrow>
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<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{\rho }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\varphi )\\\sin(\varphi )\\0\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }={\begin{pmatrix}-\sin(\varphi )\\\cos(\varphi )\\0\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{z}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d2e5a1e0d7b6660ec4eefe4916090e5bb791f2d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:53.712ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{\rho }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\varphi )\\\sin(\varphi )\\0\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }={\begin{pmatrix}-\sin(\varphi )\\\cos(\varphi )\\0\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{z}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und der Vektorgradient einer Vektorfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}:=f_{\rho }{\hat {e}}_{\rho }+f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+f_{z}{\hat {e}}_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}:=f_{\rho }{\hat {e}}_{\rho }+f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+f_{z}{\hat {e}}_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d232f6ee811873c1fcb81fc807cf11f36d72b15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.165ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}:=f_{\rho }{\hat {e}}_{\rho }+f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+f_{z}{\hat {e}}_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})=&{\hat {e}}_{\rho }\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{\rho })+{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{\varphi })+{\hat {e}}_{z}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{z})\\&+{\frac {1}{\rho }}(f_{\rho }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }-f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\rho })\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>e</mi>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>e</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
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<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})=&{\hat {e}}_{\rho }\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{\rho })+{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{\varphi })+{\hat {e}}_{z}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{z})\\&+{\frac {1}{\rho }}(f_{\rho }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }-f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\rho })\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/588cc225db9ff997dd58c5c2ffdcbf9091e1476f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:58.499ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})=&{\hat {e}}_{\rho }\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{\rho })+{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{\varphi })+{\hat {e}}_{z}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{z})\\&+{\frac {1}{\rho }}(f_{\rho }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }-f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\rho })\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f)=f_{,\rho }{\hat {e}}_{\rho }+{\frac {f_{,\varphi }}{\rho }}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+f_{,z}{\hat {e}}_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f)=f_{,\rho }{\hat {e}}_{\rho }+{\frac {f_{,\varphi }}{\rho }}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+f_{,z}{\hat {e}}_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50cf25f32968c40145e3baae5ae75afd86f635c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:32.679ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f)=f_{,\rho }{\hat {e}}_{\rho }+{\frac {f_{,\varphi }}{\rho }}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+f_{,z}{\hat {e}}_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Terme in der zweiten Zeile oben sind Ergebnis der Vektorgradienten der Basisvektoren:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{r})={\frac {1}{\rho }}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi },\;\mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{\varphi })=-{\frac {1}{\rho }}{\hat {e}}_{\rho }\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{r})={\frac {1}{\rho }}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi },\;\mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{\varphi })=-{\frac {1}{\rho }}{\hat {e}}_{\rho }\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/768fab5f7d0b68c0bac605287205dfc647db4613.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:47.152ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{r})={\frac {1}{\rho }}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi },\;\mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{\varphi })=-{\frac {1}{\rho }}{\hat {e}}_{\rho }\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kugelkoordinaten">Kugelkoordinaten</h3></div>
<p>In <a href="Kugelkoordinaten" title="Kugelkoordinaten">Kugelkoordinaten</a> mit Abstand r vom Ursprung, <a href="Zenitwinkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenitwinkel">Zenitwinkel</a> ϑ und <a href="Azimut" title="Azimut">Azimut</a> φ lauten die Basisvektoren mit dem <a href="Sinus_und_Cosinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus und Cosinus">Sinus und Cosinus</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{r}={\begin{pmatrix}\sin(\vartheta )\cos(\varphi )\\\sin(\vartheta )\sin(\varphi )\\\cos(\vartheta )\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\vartheta )\cos(\varphi )\\\cos(\vartheta )\sin(\varphi )\\-\sin(\vartheta )\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }={\begin{pmatrix}-\sin(\varphi )\\\cos(\varphi )\\0\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{r}={\begin{pmatrix}\sin(\vartheta )\cos(\varphi )\\\sin(\vartheta )\sin(\varphi )\\\cos(\vartheta )\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\vartheta )\cos(\varphi )\\\cos(\vartheta )\sin(\varphi )\\-\sin(\vartheta )\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }={\begin{pmatrix}-\sin(\varphi )\\\cos(\varphi )\\0\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b9bc63638fedcbcb1c5eed7740d8fd928a22125.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:72.191ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{r}={\begin{pmatrix}\sin(\vartheta )\cos(\varphi )\\\sin(\vartheta )\sin(\varphi )\\\cos(\vartheta )\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\vartheta )\cos(\varphi )\\\cos(\vartheta )\sin(\varphi )\\-\sin(\vartheta )\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }={\begin{pmatrix}-\sin(\varphi )\\\cos(\varphi )\\0\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und der Vektorgradient einer Vektorfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}:=f_{r}{\hat {e}}_{r}+f_{\vartheta }{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }+f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}:=f_{r}{\hat {e}}_{r}+f_{\vartheta }{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }+f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/844c99c1466dde98735ea07d35553fa65184b22f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.353ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}:=f_{r}{\hat {e}}_{r}+f_{\vartheta }{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }+f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})=&{\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{r})+{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{\vartheta })+{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{\varphi })\\&+{\frac {f_{r}}{r}}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{r})-{\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes {\frac {f_{\vartheta }{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }+f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }}{r}}+{\frac {f_{\vartheta }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }-f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }}{r\tan(\vartheta )}}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})=&{\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{r})+{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{\vartheta })+{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{\varphi })\\&+{\frac {f_{r}}{r}}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{r})-{\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes {\frac {f_{\vartheta }{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }+f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }}{r}}+{\frac {f_{\vartheta }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }-f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }}{r\tan(\vartheta )}}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0544866ff916e6b018cc6e244e85785a6016889b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.274ex; margin-bottom: -0.23ex; width:73.7ex; height:10.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})=&{\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{r})+{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{\vartheta })+{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{\varphi })\\&+{\frac {f_{r}}{r}}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{r})-{\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes {\frac {f_{\vartheta }{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }+f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }}{r}}+{\frac {f_{\vartheta }{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }-f_{\varphi }{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }}{r\tan(\vartheta )}}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f)=f_{,r}{\hat {e}}_{r}+{\frac {f_{,\vartheta }}{r}}{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }+{\frac {f_{,\varphi }}{r\sin(\vartheta )}}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f)=f_{,r}{\hat {e}}_{r}+{\frac {f_{,\vartheta }}{r}}{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }+{\frac {f_{,\varphi }}{r\sin(\vartheta )}}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/988769687045a4489d72738c7efd8cafadca1e85.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:38.273ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f)=f_{,r}{\hat {e}}_{r}+{\frac {f_{,\vartheta }}{r}}{\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }+{\frac {f_{,\varphi }}{r\sin(\vartheta )}}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>dem <a href="Tangens" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangens">Tangens</a> tan und dem <a href="Einheitstensor" title="Einheitstensor">Einheitstensor</a> <b>1</b> = <i>ê<sub>r</sub> ⊗ ê<sub>r</sub> + ê<sub>ϑ</sub> ⊗ ê<sub>ϑ</sub> + ê<sub>φ</sub> ⊗ ê<sub>φ</sub></i>.
</p><p>Die Terme in der zweiten Zeile oben sind Ergebnis der Vektorgradienten der Basisvektoren:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{r})=&{\frac {1}{r}}{\big (}\mathbf {1} -{\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{r}{\big )}\\\mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{\vartheta })=&{\frac {1}{r\sin(\vartheta )}}{\big (}\cos(\vartheta ){\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }-\sin(\vartheta ){\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }{\big )}\\\mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{\varphi })=&-{\frac {1}{r\sin(\vartheta )}}{\big (}\sin(\vartheta ){\hat {e}}_{r}+\cos(\vartheta ){\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }{\big )}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{r})=&{\frac {1}{r}}{\big (}\mathbf {1} -{\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{r}{\big )}\\\mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{\vartheta })=&{\frac {1}{r\sin(\vartheta )}}{\big (}\cos(\vartheta ){\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }-\sin(\vartheta ){\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }{\big )}\\\mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{\varphi })=&-{\frac {1}{r\sin(\vartheta )}}{\big (}\sin(\vartheta ){\hat {e}}_{r}+\cos(\vartheta ){\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }{\big )}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b24ab80e73136b511c0ccbce36e869c8e5477f6c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.98ex; margin-bottom: -0.192ex; width:53.782ex; height:17.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{r})=&{\frac {1}{r}}{\big (}\mathbf {1} -{\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{r}{\big )}\\\mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{\vartheta })=&{\frac {1}{r\sin(\vartheta )}}{\big (}\cos(\vartheta ){\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }-\sin(\vartheta ){\hat {e}}_{r}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }{\big )}\\\mathrm {grad} ({\hat {e}}_{\varphi })=&-{\frac {1}{r\sin(\vartheta )}}{\big (}\sin(\vartheta ){\hat {e}}_{r}+\cos(\vartheta ){\hat {e}}_{\vartheta }{\big )}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allgemein_krummlinige_Koordinaten">Allgemein krummlinige Koordinaten</h3></div>
<p>In <a href="Krummlinige_Koordinaten" title="Krummlinige Koordinaten">krummlinigen Koordinaten</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{i}\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{i}\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3dac5f96829623a4cf49b972627ba97b80710dde.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.458ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{i}\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> lauten die ko- und kontravarianten Basisvektoren
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}_{i}={\frac {\partial {\vec {x}}}{\partial y_{i}}}={\vec {x}}_{,i},\quad {\vec {g}}^{i}=\mathrm {grad} (y_{i})\quad \rightarrow \quad {\vec {g}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {g}}^{j}=\delta _{i}^{j}:={\begin{cases}1&{\text{falls}}\;i=j\\0&{\text{falls}}\;i\neq j\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>falls</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>falls</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}_{i}={\frac {\partial {\vec {x}}}{\partial y_{i}}}={\vec {x}}_{,i},\quad {\vec {g}}^{i}=\mathrm {grad} (y_{i})\quad \rightarrow \quad {\vec {g}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {g}}^{j}=\delta _{i}^{j}:={\begin{cases}1&{\text{falls}}\;i=j\\0&{\text{falls}}\;i\neq j\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6f2c0f531701faf1190b44f38375cc6179ecf02.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:69.928ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}_{i}={\frac {\partial {\vec {x}}}{\partial y_{i}}}={\vec {x}}_{,i},\quad {\vec {g}}^{i}=\mathrm {grad} (y_{i})\quad \rightarrow \quad {\vec {g}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {g}}^{j}=\delta _{i}^{j}:={\begin{cases}1&{\text{falls}}\;i=j\\0&{\text{falls}}\;i\neq j\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das Symbol <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta _{i}^{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta _{i}^{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ff8a003e21c4cc60d2577b44edecf710120992b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:1.963ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta _{i}^{j}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist das <a href="Kronecker-Delta" title="Kronecker-Delta">Kronecker-Delta</a> und der Index <sub>,i</sub> bedeutet in diesem Abschnitt eine Ableitung nach y<sub>i</sub>. Der <a href="Nabla-Operator" title="Nabla-Operator">Nabla-Operator</a> schreibt sich in krummlinigen Koordinaten
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla ={\vec {g}}^{i}{\frac {\partial }{\partial y_{i}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla ={\vec {g}}^{i}{\frac {\partial }{\partial y_{i}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6a8e153c354a90ef087b174d98809011625c085.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:11.101ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla ={\vec {g}}^{i}{\frac {\partial }{\partial y_{i}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hier wie im Folgenden muss die <a href="Einsteinsche_Summenkonvention" title="Einsteinsche Summenkonvention">Einsteinsche Summenkonvention</a> angewendet werden, der gemäß über in einem Produkt doppelt vorkommende Indizes, hier nur <i>i</i>, von eins bis zur Dimension des Raumes zu summieren ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kontravariantes_Vektorfeld">Kontravariantes Vektorfeld</h4></div>
<p>Die <a href="#Produktregel">#Produktregel</a> angewandt auf ein kontravariantes Vektorfeld<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2.4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> führt zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i})={\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f^{i})+f^{i}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}}_{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i})={\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f^{i})+f^{i}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}}_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca0f4a46f01572e1f7af9bf2d011dedcf99d362a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.076ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i})={\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f^{i})+f^{i}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}}_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Gradient des kovarianten Basisvektors kann mit den <a href="Christoffelsymbole" title="Christoffelsymbole">Christoffelsymbolen</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2.5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7.2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{ij}^{k}={\vec {g}}_{i,j}\cdot {\vec {g}}^{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma _{ij}^{k}={\vec {g}}_{i,j}\cdot {\vec {g}}^{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/173d2273f45600ae75063876ff3ec51f21288fd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:13.079ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{ij}^{k}={\vec {g}}_{i,j}\cdot {\vec {g}}^{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> ausgedrückt werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}}_{i})=&(\nabla \otimes {\vec {g}}_{i})^{\top }=({\vec {g}}^{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{i,j})^{\top }={\vec {g}}_{i,j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}=({\vec {g}}_{i,j}\cdot {\vec {g}}^{k}){\vec {g}}_{k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\\=&\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}_{k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}}_{i})=&(\nabla \otimes {\vec {g}}_{i})^{\top }=({\vec {g}}^{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{i,j})^{\top }={\vec {g}}_{i,j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}=({\vec {g}}_{i,j}\cdot {\vec {g}}^{k}){\vec {g}}_{k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\\=&\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}_{k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d44e7b5a1db2c39972e49e3960167a608edb5e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:66.315ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}}_{i})=&(\nabla \otimes {\vec {g}}_{i})^{\top }=({\vec {g}}^{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{i,j})^{\top }={\vec {g}}_{i,j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}=({\vec {g}}_{i,j}\cdot {\vec {g}}^{k}){\vec {g}}_{k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\\=&\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}_{k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f^{i})=\nabla f^{i}=f_{,j}^{i}{\vec {g}}^{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f^{i})=\nabla f^{i}=f_{,j}^{i}{\vec {g}}^{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd5476bae43e587d137b3f5a4c3f6bc15c72d125.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:23.302ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f^{i})=\nabla f^{i}=f_{,j}^{i}{\vec {g}}^{j}}" loading="lazy"></span> lautet der Gradient schließlich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} (f^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i})=&f_{,j}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}+f^{i}\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}_{k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}=f_{,j}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}+f^{k}\Gamma _{kj}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\\=&\left.f^{i}\right|_{j}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} (f^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i})=&f_{,j}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}+f^{i}\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}_{k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}=f_{,j}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}+f^{k}\Gamma _{kj}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\\=&\left.f^{i}\right|_{j}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac170046c0a5e6de31cc7455dcf38f5738f6eb73.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.164ex; margin-bottom: -0.174ex; width:65.989ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} (f^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i})=&f_{,j}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}+f^{i}\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}_{k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}=f_{,j}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}+f^{k}\Gamma _{kj}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\\=&\left.f^{i}\right|_{j}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.f^{i}\right|_{j}=f_{,j}^{i}+\Gamma _{kj}^{i}f^{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
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<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
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<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
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<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.f^{i}\right|_{j}=f_{,j}^{i}+\Gamma _{kj}^{i}f^{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d8c52faeddd35a643e3c5e8fd143841694d5abb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:17.75ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.f^{i}\right|_{j}=f_{,j}^{i}+\Gamma _{kj}^{i}f^{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> die sogenannte <a href="Kovariante_Ableitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kovariante Ableitung">kovariante Ableitung</a> der Komponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75ea987854878451aee39a5c9974b77da8dc602b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.12ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2.6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7.3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kovariantes_Vektorfeld">Kovariantes Vektorfeld</h4></div>
<p>Bei einem kovarianten Vektorfeld<sup id="cite_ref-19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2.4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}=f_{i}{\vec {g}}^{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
<msup>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}=f_{i}{\vec {g}}^{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae79f7d7c77e09817eea4de02d353981a04fbebc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.676ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}=f_{i}{\vec {g}}^{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> wird die Ableitung des kontravarianten Basisvektors benötigt, eine Ableitung, die auch mit Christoffelsymbolen ausgedrückt werden kann:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\delta _{i,j}^{k}=&({\vec {g}}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i})_{,j}={\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i}+{\vec {g}}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i,j}={\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i}+\Gamma _{ij}^{k}=0\\\rightarrow {\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}=&({\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i}){\vec {g}}^{i}=-\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mi>k</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
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</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\delta _{i,j}^{k}=&({\vec {g}}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i})_{,j}={\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i}+{\vec {g}}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i,j}={\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i}+\Gamma _{ij}^{k}=0\\\rightarrow {\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}=&({\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i}){\vec {g}}^{i}=-\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50dc20e788b3a274ec98ce9847ead160beecfbd6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:56.315ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\delta _{i,j}^{k}=&({\vec {g}}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i})_{,j}={\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i}+{\vec {g}}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i,j}={\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i}+\Gamma _{ij}^{k}=0\\\rightarrow {\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}=&({\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}\cdot {\vec {g}}_{i}){\vec {g}}^{i}=-\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Gradient eines kontravarianten Basisvektors schreibt sich damit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}}^{k})=(\nabla \otimes {\vec {g}}^{k})^{\top }={\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}=-\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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<msup>
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<mi>g</mi>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}}^{k})=(\nabla \otimes {\vec {g}}^{k})^{\top }={\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}=-\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad6b0bc273969d1996baa4b4d43b8639296b4be9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:47.357ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}}^{k})=(\nabla \otimes {\vec {g}}^{k})^{\top }={\vec {g}}_{,j}^{k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}=-\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="#Produktregel">#Produktregel</a> liefert analog zum kontravarianten Vektor
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} (f_{i}{\vec {g}}^{i})=&{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{i})+f_{k}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}}^{k})=f_{i,j}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}-f_{k}\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\\=&\left.f_{i}\right|_{j}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
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</mtd>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} (f_{i}{\vec {g}}^{i})=&{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{i})+f_{k}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}}^{k})=f_{i,j}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}-f_{k}\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\\=&\left.f_{i}\right|_{j}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/993234af05e9b3dc668826d83e273f0be85e829b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:68.183ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} (f_{i}{\vec {g}}^{i})=&{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f_{i})+f_{k}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}}^{k})=f_{i,j}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}-f_{k}\Gamma _{ij}^{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\\=&\left.f_{i}\right|_{j}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der kovarianten Ableitung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.f_{i}\right|_{j}=f_{i,j}-\Gamma _{ij}^{k}f_{k}}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
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<mi>f</mi>
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<mi>i</mi>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.f_{i}\right|_{j}=f_{i,j}-\Gamma _{ij}^{k}f_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9c129c15925d149a6f00476254242f2c4c95e71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:17.666ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.f_{i}\right|_{j}=f_{i,j}-\Gamma _{ij}^{k}f_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Komponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65da883ca3d16b461e46c94777b0d9c4aa010e79.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Es ist die hier vereinbarte <a href="#Konvention">#Konvention</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdb86bb44f8f71897ec33c1551ef04f59e3d50d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.548ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu beachten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zusammenhang_mit_dem_totalen_Differenzial">Zusammenhang mit dem totalen Differenzial</h3></div>
<p>Betrachtet wird eine infinitesimale Verschiebung in einem Vektorfeld:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}({\vec {r}}+\mathrm {d} {\vec {r}})={\vec {F}}({\vec {r}})+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {F}})\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {r}}={\vec {F}}({\vec {r}})+(\mathrm {d} {\vec {r}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {F}}={\vec {F}}({\vec {r}})+\mathrm {d} {\vec {F}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}({\vec {r}}+\mathrm {d} {\vec {r}})={\vec {F}}({\vec {r}})+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {F}})\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {r}}={\vec {F}}({\vec {r}})+(\mathrm {d} {\vec {r}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {F}}={\vec {F}}({\vec {r}})+\mathrm {d} {\vec {F}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f30f5bb8c5614d2c985e0c5ea87cfddd78f328a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:67.464ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}({\vec {r}}+\mathrm {d} {\vec {r}})={\vec {F}}({\vec {r}})+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {F}})\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {r}}={\vec {F}}({\vec {r}})+(\mathrm {d} {\vec {r}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {F}}={\vec {F}}({\vec {r}})+\mathrm {d} {\vec {F}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das vollständige oder <a href="Totales_Differential" title="Totales Differential">totale Differenzial</a> eines Vektorfeldes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}({\vec {r}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}({\vec {r}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1fa50161813a42866a3a7a0e8c96ad8cac97dc8a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.803ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}({\vec {r}})}" loading="lazy"></span> ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\vec {F}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {F}})\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {r}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\vec {F}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {F}})\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dc855dc50d4e39dd56741ec570ea26fc99ff1a98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.466ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\vec {F}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {F}})\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {r}}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. in Indexschreibweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} F_{i}=\sum _{j}{\frac {\partial F_{i}}{\partial x_{j}}}\mathrm {d} x_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} F_{i}=\sum _{j}{\frac {\partial F_{i}}{\partial x_{j}}}\mathrm {d} x_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/626f96cf2a8c6a7a6c455a7ffae0085ac8422d13.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:18.408ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} F_{i}=\sum _{j}{\frac {\partial F_{i}}{\partial x_{j}}}\mathrm {d} x_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das totale Differenzial eines Skalarfeldes und eines Vektorfeldes haben somit (formal) dieselbe Form. Beim totalen Differenzial eines Skalarfeldes wird der Gradient mit dem Differenzial skalar multipliziert. Beim totalen Differenzial eines Vektorfeldes ist die Multiplikation zwischen dem Gradient (Matrixform) mit dem Differenzialvektor als <a href="Matrix-Vektor-Produkt" title="Matrix-Vektor-Produkt">Matrix-Vektor-Produkt</a> durchzuführen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zusammenhang_mit_der_Richtungsableitung">Zusammenhang mit der Richtungsableitung</h3></div>
<p>Mit dem Vektorgradient kann die Richtungsableitung in Richtung eines Vektors <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04767cd7e050d91159e8537029e967f15b08532f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot {\vec {\nabla }}){\vec {f}}={\vec {h}}\cdot ({\vec {\nabla }}\otimes {\vec {f}})=({\vec {\nabla }}\otimes {\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot {\vec {h}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot {\vec {\nabla }}){\vec {f}}={\vec {h}}\cdot ({\vec {\nabla }}\otimes {\vec {f}})=({\vec {\nabla }}\otimes {\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot {\vec {h}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bde51acd6cd3b4f70ec3f37c50362cc9e5e95e6c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:52.792ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot {\vec {\nabla }}){\vec {f}}={\vec {h}}\cdot ({\vec {\nabla }}\otimes {\vec {f}})=({\vec {\nabla }}\otimes {\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot {\vec {h}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das hochgestellte <sup>⊤</sup> bedeutet eine <a href="Transponierte_Matrix" title="Transponierte Matrix">Transponierung</a>. In der <a href="Str%C3%B6mungsmechanik" title="Strömungsmechanik">Strömungsmechanik</a> wird die linke Darstellung mit dem Nabla-Operator gegenüber der rechten bevorzugt, die in der <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">Kontinuumsmechanik</a> üblich ist. Die mithilfe des Vektorgradienten berechnete Richtungsableitung entspricht der Richtungsableitung, die man durch Grenzwertbildung bekommt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})\right|_{s=0}=\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}{\frac {{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})-{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}})}{s}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})\right|_{s=0}=\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}{\frac {{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})-{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}})}{s}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd75b37a568ff65ba5b6493ac5702d380533c9a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:56.439ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})\right|_{s=0}=\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}{\frac {{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})-{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}})}{s}}}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}},{\vec {h}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}},{\vec {h}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ecdf1b0833e3c2061f3207dd9fb38d81c6e285b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.703ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}},{\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Interessiert diejenige Richtung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49569db585c1b6306d5ffd91161775f67235fae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, in der die Richtungsableitung maximalen Betrag hat, ergibt sich das <a href="Eigenwertproblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwertproblem">Eigenwertproblem</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {n}}+\lambda {\vec {n}}={\vec {0}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {n}}+\lambda {\vec {n}}={\vec {0}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a8ce1031dd28069415cca8fb8ff7b5f09d867394.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.121ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {n}}+\lambda {\vec {n}}={\vec {0}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Tensor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})=:\mathbf {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})=:\mathbf {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31b7275e5ebf2ee5d36e76525c056e8354f77855.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.873ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})=:\mathbf {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> ist <a href="Symmetrischer_Tensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetrischer Tensor">symmetrisch</a> und <a href="Positiv_semidefinit" class="mw-redirect" title="Positiv semidefinit">positiv semidefinit</a>, sodass alle Eigenwerte reell und nicht negativ sind. Der zum größten Eigenwert gehörende Eigenvektor liefert die Richtung, in der die Richtungsableitung den größten Betrag hat.
</p><p>Denn die Zielgröße ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {n}}|^{2}={\big (}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {n}}{\big )}\cdot {\big (}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {n}}{\big )}={\vec {n}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {n}}|^{2}={\big (}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {n}}{\big )}\cdot {\big (}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {n}}{\big )}={\vec {n}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a53a9d39f28f66207801946860a2726e0c10b59a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:55.793ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {n}}|^{2}={\big (}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {n}}{\big )}\cdot {\big (}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {n}}{\big )}={\vec {n}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ein <a href="Extremum" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremum">Extremum</a> unter der Nebenbedingung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |{\vec {n}}|=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |{\vec {n}}|=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/495926adcc1231b1568dd6e9ca856701e1482f57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.949ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |{\vec {n}}|=1}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet sich mit einem <a href="Lagrange-Multiplikator" title="Lagrange-Multiplikator">Lagrange-Multiplikator</a> λ:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi ({\vec {n}},\lambda ):={\vec {n}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {n}}+\lambda ({\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {n}}-1)\to {\text{extr.}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
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<mo>:=</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
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</mrow>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
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<mi>n</mi>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>extr.</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi ({\vec {n}},\lambda ):={\vec {n}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {n}}+\lambda ({\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {n}}-1)\to {\text{extr.}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/125fc9199853b9b673ca4a7f5977b924ebe55246.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:41.974ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi ({\vec {n}},\lambda ):={\vec {n}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {n}}+\lambda ({\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {n}}-1)\to {\text{extr.}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im Extremum müssen die Ableitungen nach allen Variablen verschwinden. Die Ableitung nach dem Lagrange-Multiplikator
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial \lambda }}\Pi ({\vec {n}},\lambda )={\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {n}}-1=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial \lambda }}\Pi ({\vec {n}},\lambda )={\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {n}}-1=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8531e04e0ce7b7c03163b16d089637c968cec94.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:26.676ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial \lambda }}\Pi ({\vec {n}},\lambda )={\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {n}}-1=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bedeutet, dass wie gewünscht die Nebenbedingung notwendig eingehalten wird. Die Ableitung nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49569db585c1b6306d5ffd91161775f67235fae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span> in Richtung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04767cd7e050d91159e8537029e967f15b08532f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span> liefert
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left.{\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}\Pi ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}},\lambda )\right|_{s=0}=&{\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}\left[({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})+\lambda {\big (}({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})\cdot ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})-1{\big )}\right]_{s=0}\\=&{\Big [}{\vec {h}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})+({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {h}}\\&\quad +\lambda {\big (}{\vec {h}}\cdot ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})+({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})\cdot {\vec {h}}{\big )}{\Big ]}_{s=0}\\=&{\vec {h}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {n}}+{\vec {n}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {h}}+2\lambda {\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {h}}\\=&2(\mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {n}}+\lambda {\vec {n}})\cdot {\vec {h}}{\stackrel {!}{=}}0\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>s</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left.{\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}\Pi ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}},\lambda )\right|_{s=0}=&{\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}\left[({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})+\lambda {\big (}({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})\cdot ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})-1{\big )}\right]_{s=0}\\=&{\Big [}{\vec {h}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})+({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {h}}\\&\quad +\lambda {\big (}{\vec {h}}\cdot ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})+({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})\cdot {\vec {h}}{\big )}{\Big ]}_{s=0}\\=&{\vec {h}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {n}}+{\vec {n}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {h}}+2\lambda {\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {h}}\\=&2(\mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {n}}+\lambda {\vec {n}})\cdot {\vec {h}}{\stackrel {!}{=}}0\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a68af602a3370677bca55ae9a6c488e9e5b26148.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -11.005ex; width:82.542ex; height:23.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left.{\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}\Pi ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}},\lambda )\right|_{s=0}=&{\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}\left[({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})+\lambda {\big (}({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})\cdot ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})-1{\big )}\right]_{s=0}\\=&{\Big [}{\vec {h}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})+({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {h}}\\&\quad +\lambda {\big (}{\vec {h}}\cdot ({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})+({\vec {n}}+s{\vec {h}})\cdot {\vec {h}}{\big )}{\Big ]}_{s=0}\\=&{\vec {h}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {n}}+{\vec {n}}\cdot \mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {h}}+2\lambda {\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {h}}\\=&2(\mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {n}}+\lambda {\vec {n}})\cdot {\vec {h}}{\stackrel {!}{=}}0\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>weil <b>C</b> symmetrisch ist. Da dies für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04767cd7e050d91159e8537029e967f15b08532f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gelten soll, ist das gleichbedeutend mit dem oben angegebenen Eigenwertproblem.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zusammenhang_mit_Rotation_und_Divergenz">Zusammenhang mit Rotation und Divergenz</h3></div>
<p>Der Vektorgradient beinhaltet alle partiellen Ableitungen der Komponenten eines Vektorfeldes, die bei der <a href="Rotation_eines_Vektorfeldes" title="Rotation eines Vektorfeldes">Rotation</a> und <a href="Divergenz_eines_Vektorfeldes" title="Divergenz eines Vektorfeldes">Divergenz eines Vektorfeldes</a> gebraucht werden. Es ist zu vermuten, dass diese Operatoren aus dem Gradient eines Vektorfeldes ableitbar sind. Tatsächlich ist<sup id="cite_ref-Wandinger_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wandinger-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})-\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})^{\top }]\cdot {\vec {c}}=\mathrm {rot} ({\vec {v}})\times {\vec {c}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})-\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})^{\top }]\cdot {\vec {c}}=\mathrm {rot} ({\vec {v}})\times {\vec {c}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87dc330667fba89bc4dc9a3eef10a0cbbce49d0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.7ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})-\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})^{\top }]\cdot {\vec {c}}=\mathrm {rot} ({\vec {v}})\times {\vec {c}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für alle konstanten Vektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {c}}}">
<semantics>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/965bd8710781b710cbfdb79da0b4e3b097bef506.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.223ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {c}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Tensor in der eckigen Klammer ist <a href="Schiefsymmetrischer_Tensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiefsymmetrischer Tensor">schiefsymmetrisch</a> und dessen <a href="Schiefsymmetrischer_Tensor#Dualer_axialer_Vektor,_Vektorinvariante_und_Kreuzprodukt" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiefsymmetrischer Tensor">dualer axialer Vektor</a> (·)<sub>×</sub> ist die Rotation. Der duale axiale Vektor ist die negative Hälfte der <a href="Vektorinvariante" title="Vektorinvariante">Vektorinvariante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {i}}}">
<semantics>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b94b3a2679fba049d7d9b7cce98ba07e7727f4e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.094ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {i}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, bei der das <a href="Dyadisches_Produkt" title="Dyadisches Produkt">dyadische Produkt</a> ⊗ durch das <a href="Kreuzprodukt" title="Kreuzprodukt">Kreuzprodukt</a> × ersetzt ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})_{\times }=&-{\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {i}}(\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}}))=-{\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {i}}\left((\nabla \otimes {\vec {v}})^{\top }\right)={\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {i}}(\nabla \otimes {\vec {v}})\\=&{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla \times {\vec {v}}={\frac {1}{2}}\mathrm {rot} ({\vec {v}})\end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})_{\times }=&-{\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {i}}(\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}}))=-{\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {i}}\left((\nabla \otimes {\vec {v}})^{\top }\right)={\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {i}}(\nabla \otimes {\vec {v}})\\=&{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla \times {\vec {v}}={\frac {1}{2}}\mathrm {rot} ({\vec {v}})\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac6f5f84693b3290d5d49a3d0f9256332ef22934.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.485ex; margin-bottom: -0.187ex; width:61.225ex; height:10.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})_{\times }=&-{\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {i}}(\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}}))=-{\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {i}}\left((\nabla \otimes {\vec {v}})^{\top }\right)={\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {i}}(\nabla \otimes {\vec {v}})\\=&{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla \times {\vec {v}}={\frac {1}{2}}\mathrm {rot} ({\vec {v}})\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Spur_(Mathematik)" title="Spur (Mathematik)">Spur</a> des Vektorgradienten liefert die Divergenz:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Sp(grad} \,{\vec {v}})=\mathrm {Sp} \left((\nabla \otimes {\vec {v}})^{\top }\right)=\mathrm {Sp} {\big (}\nabla \otimes {\vec {v}}{\big )}=\nabla \cdot {\vec {v}}=\mathrm {div} ({\vec {v}})}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Sp(grad} \,{\vec {v}})=\mathrm {Sp} \left((\nabla \otimes {\vec {v}})^{\top }\right)=\mathrm {Sp} {\big (}\nabla \otimes {\vec {v}}{\big )}=\nabla \cdot {\vec {v}}=\mathrm {div} ({\vec {v}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f26f7a0b8e304641a8d8088aaa83523214b69ba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:58.862ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Sp(grad} \,{\vec {v}})=\mathrm {Sp} \left((\nabla \otimes {\vec {v}})^{\top }\right)=\mathrm {Sp} {\big (}\nabla \otimes {\vec {v}}{\big )}=\nabla \cdot {\vec {v}}=\mathrm {div} ({\vec {v}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rechenregeln">Rechenregeln</h3></div>
<p>Für alle Konstanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d47ef490c028656282fd8b18c44c4939bbfff750.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.526ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {C} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {C} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1384c7fdd5f647b2c643fef8c67e45edecd159c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.933ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {C} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, total differenzierbaren Skalarfelder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f,\,g\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f,\,g\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28fc8d9da6b567044d206351ddb385482405e4b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.334ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f,\,g\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> und Vektorfelder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}},\,{\vec {g}}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}},\,{\vec {g}}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9ac6541a8b68df7e3db1c161f07e92cf95e4523.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.997ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}},\,{\vec {g}}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt mit der vereinbarten <a href="#Konvention">#Konvention</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdb86bb44f8f71897ec33c1551ef04f59e3d50d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.548ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dt>Linearität</dt></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (c{\vec {f}})=c\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (c{\vec {f}})=c\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1acdf64028149c88cb207434f5422c653f4abca4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.118ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (c{\vec {f}})=c\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (\mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {f}})=\mathbf {C} \cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (\mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {f}})=\mathbf {C} \cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/35259c64ba7acb7a1217b3a7be11bcbdaab05662.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.325ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (\mathbf {C} \cdot {\vec {f}})=\mathbf {C} \cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}}+{\vec {g}})=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}}+{\vec {g}})=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81513aa433019784e800836c1e2220b9994c98f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.472ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}}+{\vec {g}})=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><span id="Produktregel"></span><a href="Produktregel" title="Produktregel">Produktregel</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (fg)=g\,\mathrm {grad} (f)+f\,\mathrm {grad} (g)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (fg)=g\,\mathrm {grad} (f)+f\,\mathrm {grad} (g)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a43cc3fd895d5f98ff282b85258f0d4ee0741622.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (fg)=g\,\mathrm {grad} (f)+f\,\mathrm {grad} (g)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f{\vec {g}})={\vec {g}}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f)+f\,\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f{\vec {g}})={\vec {g}}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f)+f\,\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/665d2afa50bc389f489ee39ea2cea4b87b92008e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.54ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (f{\vec {g}})={\vec {g}}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (f)+f\,\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}}\cdot {\vec {g}})={\vec {g}}\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})+{\vec {f}}\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot {\vec {g}}+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})^{\top }\cdot {\vec {f}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}}\cdot {\vec {g}})={\vec {g}}\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})+{\vec {f}}\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot {\vec {g}}+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})^{\top }\cdot {\vec {f}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54ca6e3e261392ada049dce0112175b971567b01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:69.181ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}}\cdot {\vec {g}})={\vec {g}}\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})+{\vec {f}}\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})^{\top }\cdot {\vec {g}}+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})^{\top }\cdot {\vec {f}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>In drei Dimensionen ist speziell<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2.7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}}\cdot {\vec {g}})=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {g}}+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})\cdot {\vec {f}}+{\vec {f}}\times \mathrm {rot} ({\vec {g}})+{\vec {g}}\times \mathrm {rot} ({\vec {f}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}}\cdot {\vec {g}})=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {g}}+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})\cdot {\vec {f}}+{\vec {f}}\times \mathrm {rot} ({\vec {g}})+{\vec {g}}\times \mathrm {rot} ({\vec {f}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/35f9e107a538ffebf639a9514cd898fbcae9887c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:65.123ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}}\cdot {\vec {g}})=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {g}}+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {g}})\cdot {\vec {f}}+{\vec {f}}\times \mathrm {rot} ({\vec {g}})+{\vec {g}}\times \mathrm {rot} ({\vec {f}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><span id="Integrals.C3.A4tze"></span><span id="Integralsätze"></span><a href="Integralsatz" title="Integralsatz">Integralsätze</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6.2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{\vec {a}}^{\vec {b}}\mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}={\vec {f}}({\vec {b}})-{\vec {f}}({\vec {a}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{\vec {a}}^{\vec {b}}\mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}={\vec {f}}({\vec {b}})-{\vec {f}}({\vec {a}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd6d51791922c7dc003466ae61a5a06cb7d4fa72.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:34.832ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{\vec {a}}^{\vec {b}}\mathrm {grad} {\big (}{\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}){\big )}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}={\vec {f}}({\vec {b}})-{\vec {f}}({\vec {a}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>Dabei ist der Integrationsweg von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/546e6615827e17295718741fd0b86f639a947f16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c9ef58be7103eb0b2bfcb460df23430f6a36216.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.094ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}" loading="lazy"></span> beliebig. Diese Wegunabhängigkeit zeichnet Gradientenfelder aus<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2.8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{V}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\,\mathrm {d} V=\int _{A}{\vec {f}}\otimes {\hat {n}}\,\mathrm {d} A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{V}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\,\mathrm {d} V=\int _{A}{\vec {f}}\otimes {\hat {n}}\,\mathrm {d} A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b28e18241ad1a7523a98932a8ed666d03606b696.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:30.211ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{V}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\,\mathrm {d} V=\int _{A}{\vec {f}}\otimes {\hat {n}}\,\mathrm {d} A}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>Hier ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2c36da6dad4ad8949b0f84bbaf0b5cb6d811fe5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.665ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein zweimal <a href="Stetig_differenzierbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Stetig differenzierbar">stetig differenzierbares</a> Feld und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d125dccc556f5c8b0bf98a4f3847590b3f353bd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der nach außen gerichtete <a href="Normaleneinheitsvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Normaleneinheitsvektor">Normaleneinheitsvektor</a> auf der geschlossenen Oberfläche A des Volumens V.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<p>Es ist die hier vereinbarte <a href="#Konvention">#Konvention</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdb86bb44f8f71897ec33c1551ef04f59e3d50d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.548ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {f}}=\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu beachten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verformungen">Verformungen</h3></div>
<div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="Deformationsgradient" title="Deformationsgradient">Deformationsgradient</a></div>
<p>Der schon angesprochene Deformationsgradient ist die grundlegende Größe zur Beschreibung von Verformungen von Körpern. Lokal stellen sich bei einer Verformung Längenänderungen und Winkeländerungen zwischen materiellen Linienelementen ein, die man sich in das Material eingeritzt denken kann, siehe Bild. Die Längenänderungen korrespondieren mit <a href="Dehnung" title="Dehnung">Dehnungen</a> und die Winkeländerungen mit <a href="Scherung_(Mechanik)" title="Scherung (Mechanik)">Scherungen</a> im Material.
</p><p>In der Kontinuumsmechanik gibt die Bewegungsfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\vec {\chi }}({\vec {X}},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\vec {\chi }}({\vec {X}},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e92bff89d59a995104a9f1d246741c880d1b2b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.546ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\vec {\chi }}({\vec {X}},t)}" loading="lazy"></span> den Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> an, an dem zur Zeit <i>t</i> ein Partikel ist, das zu einer definierten Zeit <i>t</i><sub>0</sub> am Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {X}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {X}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5dc35b5a0226cf11a2c3f2d2dbbac6ab5ade6036.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {X}}}" loading="lazy"></span> war. Der Deformationsgradient <b>F</b> kann aus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ({\vec {X}},t)\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {X}}=\lim _{s\to 0}{\frac {{\vec {\chi }}({\vec {X}}+s\;\mathrm {d} {\vec {X}},t)-{\vec {\chi }}({\vec {X}},t)}{s}}=:\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
</mfrac>
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<mo>=:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ({\vec {X}},t)\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {X}}=\lim _{s\to 0}{\frac {{\vec {\chi }}({\vec {X}}+s\;\mathrm {d} {\vec {X}},t)-{\vec {\chi }}({\vec {X}},t)}{s}}=:\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3b113ef422825424baa9c1ba6adfdd8bc1d8ede.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:51.147ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ({\vec {X}},t)\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {X}}=\lim _{s\to 0}{\frac {{\vec {\chi }}({\vec {X}}+s\;\mathrm {d} {\vec {X}},t)-{\vec {\chi }}({\vec {X}},t)}{s}}=:\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>berechnet werden, was seine Transformationseigenschaften der <a href="Ortsvektor#Verbindungsvektor" title="Ortsvektor">Linienelemente</a> im undeformierten Zustand (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\vec {X}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\vec {X}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e78464ce193ac66c8337573f8f0117d64ea0cdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.273ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\vec {X}}}" loading="lazy"></span>) in den deformierten (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da40a7b7c1a44346cdd7e57c5aeddbef55dcacdb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.622ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span>) verdeutlicht.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substanzielle_Beschleunigung">Substanzielle Beschleunigung</h3></div>
<p>In der <a href="Fluidmechanik" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluidmechanik">Fluidmechanik</a> wird die <a href="Eulersche_Betrachtungsweise" title="Eulersche Betrachtungsweise">Eulersche Betrachtungsweise</a> eingenommen, die das Vektorfeld der Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36ed41b85eb8fc84d8f198b82417bde0f4c5bc8c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.188ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}},t)}" loading="lazy"></span> als Funktion des Ortes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Zeit <i>t</i> benutzt. Der <a href="Kinetik_(Technische_Mechanik)#Schwerpunktsatz_oder_Impulssatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetik (Technische Mechanik)">Impulssatz</a> eines <a href="Kontinuum_(Physik)" title="Kontinuum (Physik)">Kontinuums</a> besagt, dass eine volumenverteilte Kraft, wie die <a href="Schwerkraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwerkraft">Schwerkraft</a> eine ist, die Partikel des Körpers beschleunigt. Um das darzustellen, wird die Geschwindigkeit des Partikels mittels der Bewegungsfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\vec {\chi }}({\mathcal {P}},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mover>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\vec {\chi }}({\mathcal {P}},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43ea2b9989b2dd5f1ada54b593603f38d357e60d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.27ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\vec {\chi }}({\mathcal {P}},t)}" loading="lazy"></span> eingeführt, die den Ort angibt, an dem sich das Partikel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10d6ec962de5797ba4f161c40e66dca74ae95cc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.704ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Zeit <i>t</i> befindet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}},t)={\vec {v}}{\big (}{\vec {\chi }}({\mathcal {P}},t),t{\big )}:={\dot {\vec {\chi }}}({\mathcal {P}},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>v</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
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<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}},t)={\vec {v}}{\big (}{\vec {\chi }}({\mathcal {P}},t),t{\big )}:={\dot {\vec {\chi }}}({\mathcal {P}},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88dff6e1c482b78d7e484fa6bc040d1037d28873.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.894ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}},t)={\vec {v}}{\big (}{\vec {\chi }}({\mathcal {P}},t),t{\big )}:={\dot {\vec {\chi }}}({\mathcal {P}},t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der <a href="%C3%9Cberpunkt#Als_wissenschaftliches_Symbol" title="Überpunkt">Überpunkt</a> bildet hier die <a href="Substantielle_Ableitung" title="Substantielle Ableitung">Substanzielle Zeitableitung</a>. Für den Impulssatz kann nun die Substanzielle Beschleunigung als <a href="Zeitableitung" title="Zeitableitung">Zeitableitung</a> der Geschwindigkeit bei festgehaltenem Partikel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10d6ec962de5797ba4f161c40e66dca74ae95cc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.704ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {v}}}({\vec {x}},t):=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\vec {v}}({\vec {\chi }}({\mathcal {P}},t),t)\right|_{{\mathcal {P}}\,{\text{fest}}}={\frac {\partial {\vec {v}}}{\partial t}}+{\frac {\partial {\vec {v}}}{\partial {\vec {x}}}}\cdot {\dot {\vec {\chi }}}({\mathcal {P}},t):={\frac {\partial {\vec {v}}}{\partial t}}+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>fest</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {v}}}({\vec {x}},t):=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\vec {v}}({\vec {\chi }}({\mathcal {P}},t),t)\right|_{{\mathcal {P}}\,{\text{fest}}}={\frac {\partial {\vec {v}}}{\partial t}}+{\frac {\partial {\vec {v}}}{\partial {\vec {x}}}}\cdot {\dot {\vec {\chi }}}({\mathcal {P}},t):={\frac {\partial {\vec {v}}}{\partial t}}+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c093e0fae2fda5b9aeaf8bcba9f2b5482ab4e5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:71.184ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {v}}}({\vec {x}},t):=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\vec {v}}({\vec {\chi }}({\mathcal {P}},t),t)\right|_{{\mathcal {P}}\,{\text{fest}}}={\frac {\partial {\vec {v}}}{\partial t}}+{\frac {\partial {\vec {v}}}{\partial {\vec {x}}}}\cdot {\dot {\vec {\chi }}}({\mathcal {P}},t):={\frac {\partial {\vec {v}}}{\partial t}}+\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der zweite Summand stellt einen konvektiven Anteil dar, der physikalisch daraus resultiert, dass das Partikel auch dadurch beschleunigt werden kann, dass es von einem schneller oder langsamer fließenden Stromfaden mitgenommen wird. Der <a href="Geschwindigkeitsgradient" title="Geschwindigkeitsgradient">Geschwindigkeitsgradient</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10.1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6.3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd78a94365d3456b0a58fa9b6d4921026ee45735.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.514ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})}" loading="lazy"></span> hat eine fundamentale Bedeutung in der Fluidmechanik.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objektive_Zeitableitung">Objektive Zeitableitung</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Euklidische_Transformation" title="Euklidische Transformation">Euklidische Transformation</a></i></div><div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="Zeitableitung#Objektive_Zeitableitung" title="Zeitableitung">Zeitableitung#Objektive Zeitableitung</a></div>
<p>Ein Insasse eines fahrenden Zuges wird die Geschwindigkeit eines vorbeifliegenden Vogels anders beurteilen als ein in der Nähe befindlicher Fußgänger. Die Geschwindigkeit ist demnach vom Standpunkt abhängig, sie ist genauer <i>nicht</i> <a href="Bezugssystem#Wechsel_des_Bezugssystems" title="Bezugssystem">bezugssysteminvariant</a> oder kürzer nicht <i>objektiv</i>.
</p><p>Für die Formulierung eines <a href="Materialmodell" title="Materialmodell">Materialmodells</a>, in dem die Raten <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik#Konstitutive_Gleichungen" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">konstitutiver</a> Variablen auftreten, wie beispielsweise beim <a href="Newtonsches_Fluid" title="Newtonsches Fluid">newtonschen Fluid</a>, werden jedoch objektive Zeitableitungen dieser Variablen benötigt. Denn es entspricht nicht der Erfahrung, dass ein bewegter Beobachter ein anderes Materialverhalten misst als ein ruhender.
</p>
<p>Ein <a href="Newtonsches_Fluid" title="Newtonsches Fluid">Newtonsches Fluid</a> besitzt <a href="Viskosit%C3%A4t" title="Viskosität">Viskosität</a>, bei der zur Aufrechterhaltung einer Scherströmung eine Kraft erforderlich ist. Scherströmungen weisen unterschiedliche Geschwindigkeiten von benachbarten Fluidelementen auf, d. h. es treten <a href="Geschwindigkeitsgradient" title="Geschwindigkeitsgradient">Geschwindigkeitsgradienten</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10.2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6.4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> auf wie im unteren Teil des Bildes. Weil die Geschwindigkeit selbst nicht objektiv ist, siehe Hauptartikel, ist es ihr Gradient ebenfalls nicht<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10.3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und letzterer ist deshalb für die Modellierung von viskosen Fluiden ungeeignet. Der <a href="Symmetrischer_Tensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetrischer Tensor">symmetrische Anteil</a> des Geschwindigkeitsgradienten ist aber objektiv und wird bei der Modellierung von <a href="Newtonsches_Fluid" title="Newtonsches Fluid">newtonschen Fluiden</a> benutzt, was auf die <a href="Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen" title="Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen">Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen</a> führt, die auf diese Weise invariant gegenüber einer <a href="Galilei-Transformation" title="Galilei-Transformation">Galilei-Transformation</a> sind.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tensorgradient">Tensorgradient</h2></div>
<p>Mit dem skalaren Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87b8786770a4613578efb63d7be24cc02f369a46.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla }" loading="lazy"></span> kann auch der Gradient eines Tensorfeldes <b>T</b> gebildet werden, wobei ein <i>Tensorgradient</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2.9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entsteht:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (\mathbf {T} )[{\vec {h}}]=({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla )\mathbf {T} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (\mathbf {T} )[{\vec {h}}]=({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla )\mathbf {T} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46af59854b7a78552b33eee749c73dfb35a1c2d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.551ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (\mathbf {T} )[{\vec {h}}]=({\vec {h}}\cdot \nabla )\mathbf {T} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In krummlinigen Koordinaten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67d30d30b6c2dbe4d6f150d699de040937ecc95f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> und dem Nabla-Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla ={\vec {g}}^{k}{\tfrac {\partial }{\partial y_{k}}}}">
<semantics>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla ={\vec {g}}^{k}{\tfrac {\partial }{\partial y_{k}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55b84e3ed35a5060f089a8f4aa30c4c55aa47f81.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:10.73ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla ={\vec {g}}^{k}{\tfrac {\partial }{\partial y_{k}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> (Notation siehe <a href="#Allgemein_krummlinige_Koordinaten">#Allgemein krummlinige Koordinaten</a>) wird daraus:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (\mathbf {T} )[{\vec {h}}]=({\vec {h}}\cdot {\vec {g}}^{k})\mathbf {T} _{,k}={\vec {h}}\cdot ({\vec {g}}^{k}\otimes \mathbf {T} _{,k})=(\mathbf {T} _{,k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k})\cdot {\vec {h}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (\mathbf {T} )[{\vec {h}}]=({\vec {h}}\cdot {\vec {g}}^{k})\mathbf {T} _{,k}={\vec {h}}\cdot ({\vec {g}}^{k}\otimes \mathbf {T} _{,k})=(\mathbf {T} _{,k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k})\cdot {\vec {h}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fcae31eb2a2b267ec6bccdf6297cb662927b8360.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:57.293ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (\mathbf {T} )[{\vec {h}}]=({\vec {h}}\cdot {\vec {g}}^{k})\mathbf {T} _{,k}={\vec {h}}\cdot ({\vec {g}}^{k}\otimes \mathbf {T} _{,k})=(\mathbf {T} _{,k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k})\cdot {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Soll das Argument wie beim Vektorgradient rechts vom Operator stehen, siehe <a href="#Konvention">#Konvention</a>, dann lautet der Tensorgradient
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (\mathbf {T} )=\mathbf {T} _{,k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (\mathbf {T} )=\mathbf {T} _{,k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/734cf23dd5db95b1db6231c37af0fd590bb3b310.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.805ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} (\mathbf {T} )=\mathbf {T} _{,k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für einen Tensor zweiter Stufe gibt es in krummlinigen Koordinaten vier Darstellungen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} =T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}=T^{ij}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j}=T_{i}^{.j}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j}=T_{.j}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} =T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}=T^{ij}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j}=T_{i}^{.j}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j}=T_{.j}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/075f41318910273e8344207aa628aac1b142c029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:53.689ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} =T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}=T^{ij}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j}=T_{i}^{.j}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j}=T_{.j}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit den Ableitungen der Basisvektoren
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}_{n,k}=\Gamma _{nk}^{l}{\vec {g}}_{l},\quad {\vec {g}}_{,k}^{n}=-\Gamma _{lk}^{n}{\vec {g}}^{l}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}_{n,k}=\Gamma _{nk}^{l}{\vec {g}}_{l},\quad {\vec {g}}_{,k}^{n}=-\Gamma _{lk}^{n}{\vec {g}}^{l}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3865e1e305bfd707203829e5fdbd4f16a775345b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:28.141ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}_{n,k}=\Gamma _{nk}^{l}{\vec {g}}_{l},\quad {\vec {g}}_{,k}^{n}=-\Gamma _{lk}^{n}{\vec {g}}^{l}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ergibt sich in der ersten Ausführung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} (T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j})=&(T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j})_{,k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\\=&(T_{ij,k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}+T_{ij}{\vec {g}}_{,k}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}+T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{,k}^{j})\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\\=&(T_{ij,k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}-T_{ij}\Gamma _{lk}^{i}{\vec {g}}^{l}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}-T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes \Gamma _{lk}^{j}{\vec {g}}^{l})\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\\=&(T_{ij,k}-T_{lj}\Gamma _{ik}^{l}-T_{il}\Gamma _{jk}^{l}){\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\\=&\left.T_{ij}\right|_{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} (T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j})=&(T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j})_{,k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\\=&(T_{ij,k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}+T_{ij}{\vec {g}}_{,k}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}+T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{,k}^{j})\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\\=&(T_{ij,k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}-T_{ij}\Gamma _{lk}^{i}{\vec {g}}^{l}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}-T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes \Gamma _{lk}^{j}{\vec {g}}^{l})\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\\=&(T_{ij,k}-T_{lj}\Gamma _{ik}^{l}-T_{il}\Gamma _{jk}^{l}){\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\\=&\left.T_{ij}\right|_{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76c28221119e30b2260989663a4263245c8ec096.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -8.838ex; width:68.18ex; height:18.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} (T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j})=&(T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j})_{,k}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\\=&(T_{ij,k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}+T_{ij}{\vec {g}}_{,k}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}+T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{,k}^{j})\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\\=&(T_{ij,k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}-T_{ij}\Gamma _{lk}^{i}{\vec {g}}^{l}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}-T_{ij}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes \Gamma _{lk}^{j}{\vec {g}}^{l})\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\\=&(T_{ij,k}-T_{lj}\Gamma _{ik}^{l}-T_{il}\Gamma _{jk}^{l}){\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\\=&\left.T_{ij}\right|_{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der kovarianten Ableitung der Tensorkomponente
</p>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.T_{ij}\right|_{k}=T_{ij,k}-\Gamma _{ik}^{l}T_{lj}-\Gamma _{jk}^{l}T_{il}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f4c0f300e633fd8a02fea17615ec69bc9aca8eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:29.231ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.T_{ij}\right|_{k}=T_{ij,k}-\Gamma _{ik}^{l}T_{lj}-\Gamma _{jk}^{l}T_{il}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Analog ergibt sich in den anderen Darstellungen:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2.10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} (T^{ij}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j})=&\left.T^{ij}\right|_{k}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k},\quad \left.T^{ij}\right|_{k}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=T_{,k}^{ij}+\Gamma _{lk}^{i}T^{lj}+\Gamma _{lk}^{j}T^{il}\\\mathrm {grad} (T_{i}^{.j}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j})=&\left.T_{i}^{.j}\right|_{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k},\quad \left.T_{i}^{.j}\right|_{k}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=T_{i,k}^{.j}-\Gamma _{ik}^{l}T_{l}^{.j}+\Gamma _{lk}^{j}T_{i}^{.l}\\\mathrm {grad} (T_{.j}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j})=&\left.T_{.j}^{i}\right|_{k}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k},\quad \left.T_{.j}^{i}\right|_{k}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=T_{.j,k}^{i}+\Gamma _{lk}^{i}T_{.j}^{l}-\Gamma _{jk}^{l}T_{.l}^{i}\end{aligned}}}">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>j</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>g</mi>
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</mover>
</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>T</mi>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mi>j</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
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<mi>l</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>l</mi>
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</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
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<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
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<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>j</mi>
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<mi>l</mi>
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<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
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</msubsup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} (T^{ij}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j})=&\left.T^{ij}\right|_{k}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k},\quad \left.T^{ij}\right|_{k}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=T_{,k}^{ij}+\Gamma _{lk}^{i}T^{lj}+\Gamma _{lk}^{j}T^{il}\\\mathrm {grad} (T_{i}^{.j}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j})=&\left.T_{i}^{.j}\right|_{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k},\quad \left.T_{i}^{.j}\right|_{k}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=T_{i,k}^{.j}-\Gamma _{ik}^{l}T_{l}^{.j}+\Gamma _{lk}^{j}T_{i}^{.l}\\\mathrm {grad} (T_{.j}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j})=&\left.T_{.j}^{i}\right|_{k}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k},\quad \left.T_{.j}^{i}\right|_{k}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=T_{.j,k}^{i}+\Gamma _{lk}^{i}T_{.j}^{l}-\Gamma _{jk}^{l}T_{.l}^{i}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5df8ed41bf8e4dff30d0d4616f268e214505a57e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.505ex; width:68.594ex; height:12.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} (T^{ij}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j})=&\left.T^{ij}\right|_{k}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k},\quad \left.T^{ij}\right|_{k}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=T_{,k}^{ij}+\Gamma _{lk}^{i}T^{lj}+\Gamma _{lk}^{j}T^{il}\\\mathrm {grad} (T_{i}^{.j}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j})=&\left.T_{i}^{.j}\right|_{k}{\vec {g}}^{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}_{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k},\quad \left.T_{i}^{.j}\right|_{k}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=T_{i,k}^{.j}-\Gamma _{ik}^{l}T_{l}^{.j}+\Gamma _{lk}^{j}T_{i}^{.l}\\\mathrm {grad} (T_{.j}^{i}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j})=&\left.T_{.j}^{i}\right|_{k}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{j}\otimes {\vec {g}}^{k},\quad \left.T_{.j}^{i}\right|_{k}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=T_{.j,k}^{i}+\Gamma _{lk}^{i}T_{.j}^{l}-\Gamma _{jk}^{l}T_{.l}^{i}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>siehe auch die <a href="Christoffelsymbole#Anwendung_auf_Tensorfelder" title="Christoffelsymbole">Anwendung der Christoffelsymbole bei Tensorfeldern</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6aec3c9ce13b53e9e24c98e7cce4212627884c91.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.223ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Ortsvektor" title="Ortsvektor">Ortsvektor</a> und <i>r</i> sein Betrag. Dann ist mit dem <a href="Einheitstensor" title="Einheitstensor">Einheitstensor</a> <b>1</b>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} {\vec {r}}=(\nabla \otimes {\vec {r}})^{\top }=\mathbf {1} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} {\vec {r}}=(\nabla \otimes {\vec {r}})^{\top }=\mathbf {1} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c775c5f07d5f759cc99e0acf071dc82f5953d76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.992ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} {\vec {r}}=(\nabla \otimes {\vec {r}})^{\top }=\mathbf {1} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} r=\nabla |{\vec {r}}|={\frac {\vec {r}}{r}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} r=\nabla |{\vec {r}}|={\frac {\vec {r}}{r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/467d8220b8df5ea906cc86de7f72ffe30730ea8e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:18.674ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} r=\nabla |{\vec {r}}|={\frac {\vec {r}}{r}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} r^{n}=\nabla |{\vec {r}}|^{n}=nr^{n-1}{\frac {\vec {r}}{r}}=nr^{n-2}{\vec {r}},\quad n\in \mathbb {R} ,\neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} r^{n}=\nabla |{\vec {r}}|^{n}=nr^{n-1}{\frac {\vec {r}}{r}}=nr^{n-2}{\vec {r}},\quad n\in \mathbb {R} ,\neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e6f51468790b89e30930f23b0c3daef0f2e1af6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:50.876ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} r^{n}=\nabla |{\vec {r}}|^{n}=nr^{n-1}{\frac {\vec {r}}{r}}=nr^{n-2}{\vec {r}},\quad n\in \mathbb {R} ,\neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>siehe <a href="Gradient_(Mathematik)#Nützliche_Formeln" title="Gradient (Mathematik)">Gradient (Mathematik)#Nützliche Formeln</a>. Mit der <a href="#Produktregel">#Produktregel</a> berechnet sich damit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} \left({\frac {\vec {r}}{r^{3}}}\right)={\vec {r}}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (r^{-3})+{\frac {1}{r^{3}}}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {r}})=-{\frac {3}{r^{5}}}{\vec {r}}\otimes {\vec {r}}+{\frac {1}{r^{3}}}\mathbf {1} =-{\frac {1}{r^{5}}}(3{\vec {r}}\otimes {\vec {r}}-r^{2}\mathbf {1} )}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} \left({\frac {\vec {r}}{r^{3}}}\right)={\vec {r}}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (r^{-3})+{\frac {1}{r^{3}}}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {r}})=-{\frac {3}{r^{5}}}{\vec {r}}\otimes {\vec {r}}+{\frac {1}{r^{3}}}\mathbf {1} =-{\frac {1}{r^{5}}}(3{\vec {r}}\otimes {\vec {r}}-r^{2}\mathbf {1} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85072423b4e9a93b57e13cdcb76e251dbe5cddb9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:84.131ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} \left({\frac {\vec {r}}{r^{3}}}\right)={\vec {r}}\otimes \mathrm {grad} (r^{-3})+{\frac {1}{r^{3}}}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {r}})=-{\frac {3}{r^{5}}}{\vec {r}}\otimes {\vec {r}}+{\frac {1}{r^{3}}}\mathbf {1} =-{\frac {1}{r^{5}}}(3{\vec {r}}\otimes {\vec {r}}-r^{2}\mathbf {1} )}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die beiden letzten Formeln werden z. B. bei der kartesischen <a href="Multipolentwicklung" title="Multipolentwicklung">Multipolentwicklung</a> verwendet.
</p><p>Als weiteres Beispiel wird das Vektorfeld
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}\left({\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\end{pmatrix}}\right)={\begin{pmatrix}x+ay+a(x+2ay)^{2}\\y-(x+2ay)^{2}\end{pmatrix}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}\left({\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\end{pmatrix}}\right)={\begin{pmatrix}x+ay+a(x+2ay)^{2}\\y-(x+2ay)^{2}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/faf6b9d6efbc29d9171ba63163fb5be2d97ea1e9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:38.964ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}\left({\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\end{pmatrix}}\right)={\begin{pmatrix}x+ay+a(x+2ay)^{2}\\y-(x+2ay)^{2}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>angeführt, wo a eine beliebige Konstante ist. Der Gradient wird mit der vereinbarten <a href="#Konvention">#Konvention</a> wie folgt aus der Richtungsableitung berechnet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}p\\q\end{pmatrix}}=&\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\vec {v}}\left({\begin{pmatrix}x+sp\\y+sq\end{pmatrix}}\right)\right|_{s=0}\\=&\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\begin{pmatrix}x+sp+a(y+sq)+a{\big (}x+sp+2a(y+sq){\big )}^{2}\\y+sq-{\big (}x+sp+2a(y+sq){\big )}^{2}\end{pmatrix}}\right|_{s=0}\\=&{\begin{pmatrix}p+aq+2a(x+2ay)(p+2aq)\\q-2(x+2ay)(p+2aq)\end{pmatrix}}\\=&\underbrace {\begin{pmatrix}1+2a(x+2ay)&a+4a^{2}(x+2ay)\\-2(x+2ay)&1-4a(x+2ay)\end{pmatrix}} _{\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}p\\q\end{pmatrix}}\end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}p\\q\end{pmatrix}}=&\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\vec {v}}\left({\begin{pmatrix}x+sp\\y+sq\end{pmatrix}}\right)\right|_{s=0}\\=&\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\begin{pmatrix}x+sp+a(y+sq)+a{\big (}x+sp+2a(y+sq){\big )}^{2}\\y+sq-{\big (}x+sp+2a(y+sq){\big )}^{2}\end{pmatrix}}\right|_{s=0}\\=&{\begin{pmatrix}p+aq+2a(x+2ay)(p+2aq)\\q-2(x+2ay)(p+2aq)\end{pmatrix}}\\=&\underbrace {\begin{pmatrix}1+2a(x+2ay)&a+4a^{2}(x+2ay)\\-2(x+2ay)&1-4a(x+2ay)\end{pmatrix}} _{\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}p\\q\end{pmatrix}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/beaf82442ece431ff7ab8fb361e277c06c68259e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -15.338ex; width:74.49ex; height:31.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}p\\q\end{pmatrix}}=&\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\vec {v}}\left({\begin{pmatrix}x+sp\\y+sq\end{pmatrix}}\right)\right|_{s=0}\\=&\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\begin{pmatrix}x+sp+a(y+sq)+a{\big (}x+sp+2a(y+sq){\big )}^{2}\\y+sq-{\big (}x+sp+2a(y+sq){\big )}^{2}\end{pmatrix}}\right|_{s=0}\\=&{\begin{pmatrix}p+aq+2a(x+2ay)(p+2aq)\\q-2(x+2ay)(p+2aq)\end{pmatrix}}\\=&\underbrace {\begin{pmatrix}1+2a(x+2ay)&a+4a^{2}(x+2ay)\\-2(x+2ay)&1-4a(x+2ay)\end{pmatrix}} _{\mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}p\\q\end{pmatrix}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span id="AbbildungenDurchVektorgradient.png"></span></p>
<p>Im Ursprung nimmt der Gradient die Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})={\begin{pmatrix}1&a\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})={\begin{pmatrix}1&a\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee5ceba786b04345a6e91b8a5626a90086c62e94.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.5ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})={\begin{pmatrix}1&a\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>an. Die maximale Richtungsableitung ergibt sich aus dem Eigensystem des Tensors
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})^{\top }\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})={\begin{pmatrix}1&a\\a&1+a^{2}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})^{\top }\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})={\begin{pmatrix}1&a\\a&1+a^{2}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64556a34b4ae11d1081f4c912ee8940c4a9f0b03.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:35.328ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})^{\top }\cdot \mathrm {grad} ({\vec {v}})={\begin{pmatrix}1&a\\a&1+a^{2}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Er hat bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a={\tfrac {3}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a={\tfrac {3}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa4942b3adda930d7e3c24677503d54c81f5772a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:5.986ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a={\tfrac {3}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Eigenwerte und Eigenvektoren
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}={\frac {1}{4}},\,{\hat {v}}_{1}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {5}}}{\begin{pmatrix}2\\-1\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}={\frac {1}{4}},\,{\hat {v}}_{1}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {5}}}{\begin{pmatrix}2\\-1\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b4c8a9403f410c5c90b75e9b240949f5480eea6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:25.385ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}={\frac {1}{4}},\,{\hat {v}}_{1}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {5}}}{\begin{pmatrix}2\\-1\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{2}=4,\,{\hat {v}}_{2}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {5}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
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<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>5</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
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<mtr>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{2}=4,\,{\hat {v}}_{2}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {5}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4560026255e48f235cc27dd28c5b6c7632675fcc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:22.741ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{2}=4,\,{\hat {v}}_{2}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {5}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die größte Richtungsableitung ist in Richtung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{2}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e572da94cf60ff6ec6f59f2f0e4b5b55914ccca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.281ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die durch den Gradient auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {5}}}{\begin{pmatrix}4\\2\end{pmatrix}}}">
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {5}}}{\begin{pmatrix}4\\2\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36ac9bbd62cbd0d1f3766d9b7331adc9aff75d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:9.27ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {5}}}{\begin{pmatrix}4\\2\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span> abgebildet wird.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Formelsammlung_Tensoranalysis" title="Formelsammlung Tensoranalysis">Formelsammlung Tensoranalysis</a> mit vielen Formeln aus dem Bereich.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Duden-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Duden_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Gradient"><i>Bedeutungsübersicht: Gradient.</i></a> Duden online,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 28. Oktober 2020</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AVektorgradient&rft.title=Bedeutungs%C3%BCbersicht%3A+Gradient&rft.description=Bedeutungs%C3%BCbersicht%3A+Gradient&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Frechtschreibung%2FGradient&rft.publisher=Duden+online"> </span></span>
</li>
<li><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ </span> <span class="reference-text">
Wolfgang Werner: <cite style="font-style:italic">Vektoren und Tensoren als universelle Sprache in Physik und Technik</cite>. Tensoralgebra und Tensoranalysis. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>. Springer Vieweg Verlag, Wiesbaden 2019, ISBN 978-3-658-25271-7, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25272-4">10.1007/978-3-658-25272-4</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Vektorgradient&rft.au=Wolfgang+Werner&rft.btitle=Vektoren+und+Tensoren+als+universelle+Sprache+in+Physik+und+Technik&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-658-25272-4&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783658252717&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Springer+Vieweg+Verlag&rft.volume=1" style="display:none"> </span></span>
<ol class="mw-subreference-list"><li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 353</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 358</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 354</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-19">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-19-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 146</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 340</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 341</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 367</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 433</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 356</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 348, 356 f.</span>
</li>
</ol></li>
<li><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ </span> <span class="reference-text">
Hugo Sirk: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in die Vektorrechnung: Für Naturwissenschaftler, Chemiker und Ingenieure</cite>. Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 3-642-72313-6, Kap. 5.4 "Das Vektorfeld und der Vektorgradient".<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Vektorgradient&rft.atitle=Kap.+5.4+%22Das+Vektorfeld+und+der+Vektorgradient%22&rft.au=Hugo+Sirk&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Vektorrechnung%3A+F%C3%BCr+Naturwissenschaftler%2C+Chemiker+und+Ingenieure&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=3642723136&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></span>
<ol class="mw-subreference-list"><li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 112</span>
</li>
</ol></li>
<li><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ </span> <span class="reference-text">
C. B. Lang, N. Pucker: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mathematische Methoden in der Physik</cite>. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-49312-0.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Vektorgradient&rft.au=C.+B.+Lang%2C+N.+Pucker&rft.btitle=Mathematische+Methoden+in+der+Physik&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783662493120&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer+Spektrum" style="display:none"> </span></span>
<ol class="mw-subreference-list"><li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 421</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 420</span>
</li>
</ol></li>
<li id="cite_note-HbPhys-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HbPhys_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
M. E. Gurtin: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Linear Theory of Elasticity</cite>. In: S. Flügge (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Handbuch der Physik</cite>. Band VI2/a, Bandherausgeber C. Truesdell. Springer, 1972, ISBN 3-540-05535-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Vektorgradient&rft.atitle=The+Linear+Theory+of+Elasticity&rft.au=M.+E.+Gurtin&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+Physik&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3540055355&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Springer&rft.volume=Bd.+VI2%2Fa%2C+Bandherausgeber+C.+Truesdell" style="display:none"> </span></span>
<ol class="mw-subreference-list"><li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 4</span>
</li>
</ol></li>
<li><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ </span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="Holm_Altenbach" title="Holm Altenbach">Holm Altenbach</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kontinuumsmechanik</cite>. Einführung in die materialunabhängigen und materialabhängigen Gleichungen. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-24118-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>43</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24119-2">10.1007/978-3-642-24119-2</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Vektorgradient&rft.au=Holm+Altenbach&rft.btitle=Kontinuumsmechanik&rft.date=2012&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-24119-2&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642241185&rft.pages=43&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></span>
<ol class="mw-subreference-list"><li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-12">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-12-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 43</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 45</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 230 ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 83</span>
</li>
</ol></li>
<li><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ </span> <span class="reference-text">
P. Haupt: <cite style="font-style:italic">Continuum Mechanics and Theory of Materials</cite>. Springer, 2002, ISBN 3-540-43111-X.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Vektorgradient&rft.au=P.+Haupt&rft.btitle=Continuum+Mechanics+and+Theory+of+Materials&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=354043111X&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
<ol class="mw-subreference-list"><li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 23</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 58</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 61</span>
</li>
</ol></li>
<li><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ </span> <span class="reference-text">
J. Betten: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kontinuumsmechanik</cite>. Elastisches und inelastisches Verhalten isotroper und anisotroper Stoffe. 2. erw. Auflage. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg u. a. 2001, ISBN 978-3-642-62645-6, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56562-5">10.1007/978-3-642-56562-5</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Vektorgradient&rft.au=J.+Betten&rft.btitle=Kontinuumsmechanik&rft.date=2001&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-56562-5&rft.edition=2.+erw.Aufl.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642626456&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg+u.+a.&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
<ol class="mw-subreference-list"><li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 34</span>
</li>
</ol></li>
<li id="cite_note-Wandinger-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wandinger_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<span class="cite">Johannes Wandinger: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wandinger.userweb.mwn.de/Formelsammlungen/Vektoranalysis.pdf"><i>Gradient, Divergenz und Rotation.</i></a> (<a href="Pdf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pdf">Pdf</a>) 13. November 2017,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 2. November 2020</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AVektorgradient&rft.title=Gradient%2C+Divergenz+und+Rotation&rft.description=Gradient%2C+Divergenz+und+Rotation&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwandinger.userweb.mwn.de%2FFormelsammlungen%2FVektoranalysis.pdf&rft.creator=Johannes+Wandinger&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft.language=de"> </span></span>
</li>
<li><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ </span> <span class="reference-text">
Ralf Greve: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kontinuumsmechanik</cite>. Springer, 2003, ISBN 978-3-642-62463-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55485-8">10.1007/978-3-642-55485-8</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=ZhcjBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Vektorgradient&rft.au=Ralf+Greve&rft.btitle=Kontinuumsmechanik&rft.date=2003&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-55485-8&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642624636&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
<ol class="mw-subreference-list"><li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 42 ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 12</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 37 f.</span>
</li>
</ol></li>
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